SKINCARE: HOW TO TREAT THE 4 TYPES OF WRINKLES

INGREDIENT SPOTLIGHT:

HYALURONIC ACID

The Discovery and History of Hyaluronic Acid

The discovery of hyaluronic acid dates back to 1934, when two researchers, Karl Meyer and John Palmer, isolated an unknown molecule from the vitreous body of a cow’s eyes (1). Further investigation revealed that the substance contained uronic acid and another sugar molecule. The researchers later named the substance hyaluronic acid, a term derived from a Greek word “hyalos”, meaning glass, plus uronic acid (1). Although the compound was isolated in acid form, it demonstrated salt-like characteristics when put under physiological conditions. The salt formed was called sodium hyaluronate, a neutralized form of hyaluronic acid. The chemical structure and use of hyaluronan remained unknown until in the 1950s when Karl Meyer and his colleagues first established its chemical structure (1). Surprisingly, Endre Balazs had first used this compound commercially as an egg-white substitute in a bakery in 1942 after applying for a patent.

Ever since, hyaluronic acid has been widely investigated and in the late 1950s it was first used in the medical field to replace vitreous in human eye surgery. The hyaluronan was initially obtained from the human umbilical cord, but later from rooster combs, which contain the largest content of hyaluronic acid as a highly purified and high molecular weight substance (1,2). Balazs named hyaluronic acid as hyaluronan in 1986 to ensure conformance to the polysaccharides international nomenclature1. The name was used to denote the various forms of hyaluronic acid including the acid form (hyaluronic acid) and hyaluronate salts (sodium and potassium). With time, hyaluronic acid has been extensively studied, leading to its isolation from several sources as we’ll discuss below. Moreover, its properties, ranging from physical to biological roles as well as applications of hyaluronic acid, have been of interest to many researchers leading to a better understanding of the molecule.

The History of Hyaluronic Acid in the Beauty Industry

The use of cosmetics or personal care products is not a new practice by any means – in fact, it was common among the ancient Greeks, Egyptians, and Romans. Cosmetics formed a critical part of these cultures, ranging from promoting personal beauty to the preservation of dead bodies. Moreover, ointment derived from the fenugreek plant was used to prevent the formation of wrinkles on the face. These ancient cultures were interested in more than just the practical use of cosmetics - books for the systematic preparation of cosmetics using distillation and extraction processes were also written by Theophrastus of Greek (372 B.C.) and Galen of Roman (130 – 120 AD). With time, the awareness of cosmetics in Europe increased through advocators and early explorers including the Portuguese and Spanish. Cosmetics were mainly used at the precincts of the royal courts during the Renaissance period all the way until 1900, when it became possible for ‘ordinary’ people to own their own cosmetics.

Similarly, various products of hyaluronic acid have been used in the beauty industry for a long time. The first hyaluronic-based dermal filler to improve facial wrinkles was developed in 1989 after Balazs established that it was compatible with the body and lacked immunogenicity (12). The discovery coincides with the time that Vandamme and Soetaert (16) noted that the general population started using cosmetics. On November 21, 2003, two dermal filler products of hyaluronic acid were recommended for approval for the “correction of soft tissue contour deficiencies” for the first time by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States. Three weeks later, on December 12, 2003, the injectable Restylane gel was approved for the treatment of wrinkles on the face (12). Other hyaluronic acid products including Hylaform and Juvederm were later approved in 2004 and 2006 respectively. Ever since, several hyaluronic acid-based products have been approved for use in the cosmetic industry.

Similarly, Anew Hydra Fusion Replenishing Serum contains sodium hyaluronate which has a hydrating effect on the skin. It contains the super hydrator hyaluronic acid which holds more than 1,000 times its weight in water to infuse skin with deep and lasting hydration plus raspberry antioxidant, a potent ingredient to help defend skin from environmental stressors. The serum is lightweight, enabling it to produce deep hydration with increased moisture of up to two times. It is used on cleansed skin twice a day to produce smooth, vibrant, and refreshing looking skin. It is allergy tested and found to be hypoallergenic, which makes it ideal for sensitive skin. It is also dermatologist tested and proven to be effective in producing increased hydration of the skin.

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Skin

Hyaluronic acid helps in improving skin structure and functions of both dry and oily skin. Many cosmetics for skin contain hyaluronic acid and its derivative salts of sodium and potassium hyaluronate, which act as agents of skin conditioning and are used in a concentration of up to 2% (1). A review in 2014 established that ingested hyaluronic acid significantly improved the moisture content of dry skin and improved treatment outcomes in patients with dry skin problems that result in improved quality of life. It has also been observed that dietary hyaluronic acid has significant clinical effects on the dry and rough skin, with ingestion of 120 mg of hyaluronic acid supplement per day resulting in increased skin moisture content.

Whereas dry skin can be caused by several factors such as genetics, age also contributes to dry skin that can be managed by hyaluronic acid. Aging is linked with progressive reduction of hyaluronic acid in the skin, which is associated with a reduction in moisture due to dehydration, skin atrophy, and decreased elasticity (13). Therefore, hyaluronic acid can be used to restore moisture in aging skin. Skin conditions such as diabetic foot lesions and venous leg ulcers have also been found to be improved by the use of hyaluronic acid due to its wound healing properties.

Face

Hyaluronic acid can also be used to improve facial wrinkles. Increasing lines and wrinkles accompanied by increased vasculature and alterations of the face are among the clinical signs of the aging face (11). However, there are many therapy modalities ranging from skin care products to energy-based treatments. Hyaluronic acid fillers have been a critical intervention for correcting facial changes that occur due to aging and other pathological conditions.

Hyaluronic acid achieves its anti-wrinkle effects through a dual mechanism involving attracting and binding to water molecules after incorporation into dermal tissue which results in the sustenance of augmentation (11). It is these moisturizing and high water retention capacities of hyaluronic acid that make it a useful product for maintaining skin condition and function.

Hyaluronic acid is also considered as a new treatment approach for acne. Acne is a common problem affecting individuals aged 11 – 30 years with the occurrence of scarring to some extent. It is a localized inflammatory condition in various parts of the body including the face, chest, back, and upper arms. There are three categories of acne scars including atrophic, hypertrophic and keloidal, but the atrophic subtypes (boxcar scars, rolling scars, and icepick scars) are the main consideration to dermatologists. The rolling atrophic acne scars that can be reduced when stretched are the most common types of acne scars and the target of treatment with hyaluronic acid.

Benefits of Hyaluronic Acid in Cosmetics

Hyaluronic acid is used not only as skin-conditioning agent, but also to increase viscosity of cosmetic solutions (7). It is used in cosmetics up to a concentration of 1%. In skin preparations, hyaluronic acid is mainly used as an anti-aging agent, either as a low molecular weight or high molecular weight substance with the former tending to increase the moisture content of damaged skin as well as facilitating its repair (7). Conversely, when applied on the skin surface, the solutions of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid form a hydrated viscoelastic film that is air permeable. Thus, the film does not affect cutaneous respiration as it restores skin moisture on the surface.

Hyaluronic Acid Products

There are several products containing hyaluronic acid available in the market. These compounds come in different forms, ranging from injections to creams. Avon is one of the best selling beauty companies for hyaluronic products and other cosmetics, fragrance, skin care, and personal care products. This section reviews hyaluronic acid-based products while highlighting the individual products currently offered for sale by Avon.

Serums

Hyaluronic acid serum can come as a pure product of hyaluronic acid or a multicomponent with other active ingredients, such as tocopherol, used for skin care. Serums have been demonstrated to significantly boost skin moisture regardless of the type of skin. With hyaluronic acid’s ability to hold moisture up to 1000 times its weight, serums made of 100% hyaluronic acid are the ideal products for the skin, as their chemical composition imitates the effects of natural hyaluronic acid in the skin. Moreover, serums usually have the highest hyaluronic acid levels, thus giving the most benefit from them. In particular, hyaluronic acid serums are useful for dry and mature skin or for plumping fine lines and wrinkles. Some of the hyaluronic acid-based serum products sold by Avon are Anew Power Serum, Anew Hydra Fusion Replenishing Serum, Anew Clinical Resurfacing Expert Smoothing Fluid, and Anew Clinical Unlimited Lashes Lash & Brow Activating Serum.

Creams and Gels

Several creams and gels containing hyaluronic acid are also available in the market. These groups of cosmetic products are closely related with only slight differences. Both gels and creams are water-based semi-solids. However, gels are usually oil-free, transparent and more liquid. They are also mostly colorless, more quickly absorbed in the skin and easily disappear when applied. Conversely, creams contain some oil base and not transparent and are usually white as opposed to gels that can come in different colors. on eyebrows. After application, the serum is left to dry on its own without rubbing the eyes.

Avon also stocks various cosmetic products in gel and cream forms, with each having its advantages and disadvantages. Some of the face creams and gels sold by Avon include Avon nutraeffects Hydration Day Cream Broad Spectrum SPF 15, Avon nutraeffects Hydration Night Gel Cream, and Anew Hydra Fusion Gel Cream, all of which contain sodium hyaluronate as the hyaluronic acid component. There is also Anew AHA Refining Cream that contains vitamin C or ascorbic acid together with hyaluronic acid.

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Anew Hydra Fusion Gel Cream has a dual role on the skin, including hydration and defense. It contains the super hydrator hyaluronic acid which holds more than 1,000 times its weight in water to infuse skin with deep and lasting hydration plus raspberry antioxidant, a potent ingredient to help defend skin from environmental stressors. It is a water-like gel that absorbs and locks in moisture, and doubles the skin moisture to produce an instant deep hydration lasting up to 72 hours. Thus, Anew Hydra Fusion Gel Cream is a lightweight product that results in a smooth, refreshed and plumped skin with hydration. Hydra Fusion Gel Cream is hypoallergenic and both dermatologist and allergy tested, making it an effective product for skin care in individuals with sensitive skin. Moreover, it is non-greasy and oil-free, making it easy to apply and to avoid staining. It is applied twice daily, recommended after Replenishing Serum, by gently smoothing it over cleansed skin.

Conclusion

Hyaluronic acid is a crucial substance not only in the beauty industry, but also in general medicine. It is a natural product occurring in animal joints, eyes and other body organs where it performs numerous biological functions. It has unique properties that contribute to its wide application in various areas such as eye procedures, dermal filler in plastic surgery, management of skin conditions, and wound healing. Hyaluronic acid can be isolated from its natural sources and modified for external use, particularly in cosmetics use where low molecular weight is desired. This compound is purified to make it free of contaminants such as residual proteins that may lead to allergic reactions when used in the body.